I’ve always found that you can, as long as the phone has power, Wi-Fi (or Bluetooth for some services) and location services on.
What worked for me was:
- Enabling Find My Device (Android) or Find My iPhone (Apple) with your Google/Apple account.
- Using Wi-Fi or nearby Apple devices (for iPhones) to ping its location.
- Installing an app like Prey or Cerberus, which logs GPS/Wi-Fi data even without a SIM.
Just remember: no SIM means no cell-tower fixes, so you’ll only see last-known or Wi-Fi/GPS-based spots.