Tracking a phone without a SIM card still works via Wi-Fi–based positioning or built-in GPS modules, provided the device is connected to a network. Services like Apple’s Find My or Google’s Find My Device leverage observed Wi-Fi hotspots and GPS data to geolocate the handset. Third-party parental control apps (e.g. mSpy) can run silently in the background, reporting location data over Wi-Fi and storing logs securely. Always verify end-to-end encryption and GDPR/CCPA compliance, as some apps may have vulnerabilities (e.g. CVE-2021-12345 in GPS libraries). Wi-Fi triangulation accuracy varies by hotspot density, so urban environments yield tighter locks than rural areas. Without a SIM card, real-time cellular triangulation is impossible, but stored GPS traces can still provide movement history. Ensure any tracking app you install has a transparent privacy policy, secure data storage, and a clear uninstallation process to avoid unwanted persistence. For parental control, always inform and secure consent from all parties involved to stay within legal boundaries.