A SIM-less handset can still be geolocated through alternative network interfaces:
- Wi-Fi positioning systems (WPS) utilize the MAC addresses of nearby access points and consult large-scale fingerprint databases for triangulation.
- GPS functionality persists independent of cellular service, provided the device has line-of-sight to satellites and an Internet uplink for assisted-GPS (A-GPS) data.
- Endpoint monitoring solutions (e.g., mSpy) leverage installed client software to report real-time coordinates over Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.
For implementation details, consult the vendor’s technical documentation: